Note: This template/form is for submission to the U.S., which has the most detailed and comprehensive legal framework, but can also be used for Canada, UK and other jurisdictions, but if so, make sure to make all the relevant changes to correspond to that jurisdiction. For additional information, see Safeguard Defenders comprehensive manual 'Fighting Impunity' on filing for Magnitsky Sanctions here, and check with Human Rights First's extensive list of resources here.
Formal Submission to the U.S. Department of State and
U.S. Department of Treasury Recommending Sanctions For Involvement in Human Rights Abuses and/or Corruption
This Submission is Made Under:
The global Magnitsky human rights accountability act
As implemented by executive order 13818
and
§7031(c) of the FY 2020 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act
Recommendation Submitted By
[NGO Name]
Point of Contact Regarding Submission
[Name of NGO POC]
[Email of NGO POC]
[Phone Number of NGO POC]
Information about Submitting Organization
* Provide a brief description of your organization that includes an explanation of the relevant link between your organization and the information in the casefile.
* Where applicable, include information regarding partner organizations that contributed to the casefile.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
Human Rights for Generica (HRG) is a nonpartisan, 501(c)(3), international human rights organization established in 2000 and based in Metropolis and Cosmopolis. We document and report on abuses by police and other security forces in Generica (see our reporting here [hyperlink “here” with relevant link]). Representatives from HRG testified before the U.S. Congress on January 1, 2018 on the human rights crisis in Generica. We have also briefed officials from the Department of State and the United Nations on several occasions.
This submission was prepared in partnership with International NGO X.
Table of Contents
Section 2. Perpetrator Information
Section 3. List of Known Assets and Facilitators Controlled by Perpetrators
Section 4. Factual/Contextual Background
Section 5. National Interest Argument & Explanation of Foreseeable Impact
Section 7. Summary of Evidence
Section 8. Application of Legal Standards to the Facts of the Case
Section 9. Discussion of Contrary Evidence/Arguments
* The “Case Summary” is a narrative synopsis of your submission that, like the below sample text, should fit on a single page. The Case Summary is an important advocacy tool that, with your permission, will be provided to officials in the U.S. government’s executive and legislative branches, as well as applicable foreign governments and non-state stakeholders.
* The purpose of the Case Summary is to provide decision makers with a concise presentation of the facts contained in your submission, including information related to the context and facts of the alleged acts of corruption and/or serious human rights abuses. In one page, it should articulate the liability of the listed perpetrator(s) for the identified crimes and provide a brief justification for why the imposition of the recommended sanction is in the U.S. national interest.
**SAMPLE TEXT**
Country: Generica
Perpetrators (2): Colonel John Smith (a.k.a. Jonathan Smith, a.k.a. Johnny Smith), Director-General of Ministry of Security (July 2016 – Present); Colonel Edward Doe, Director of Criminal Interrogation (Jan. 2015 – Present).
Summary:
Colonel John Smith and Colonel Edward Doe are senior officers within the Generic Security Service (GSS), a component of the Ministry of Security (MoS) of the People’s Republic of Generica. As senior officers of the GSS, Colonel Smith and Colonel Doe are responsible for the arbitrary detention and torture of political prisoners.
The GSS is the domestic intelligence agency of the Generican government and is responsible for the suppression of political and popular dissent in the country. According to reports by credible international human rights organizations, as well as interviews with multiple survivors of GSS abuse, the GSS operates a network of torture facilities throughout Generica. In these facilities, GSS officers and their subordinates subject individuals to various forms of torture, including severe beatings, sleep deprivation, starvation, prolonged detention in stress positions, exposure to extreme cold and heat, sexual abuse, and electric shock. GSS detainees are most often tortured for the purpose of extracting coerced confessions that are used in sham judicial proceedings in which torture victims are convicted on trumped up charges such as “participating in protests,” “illegal assembly” and “terrorist activity.”
Smith and Doe have served as senior officers within the GSS for several years and have commanded units that are directly involved in the operation of the GSS torture program. Due to their leadership positions within the GSS and the frequency and pervasiveness of torture at GSS facilities, Smith and Doe knew, or should have known, that units under their command were involved in the perpetration of gross violations of human rights. Additionally, credible evidence demonstrates that neither Smith nor Doe took steps to either halt the abuses or to investigate them in a genuine effort to impose punishment on those directly engaged in the torture of detainees. As leaders of units engaged in the commission of gross violations of human rights, Smith and Doe should be sanctioned by the United States government under the Global Magnitsky Act and E.O. 13818.
The sanctioning of Smith and Doe will serve two key foreign policy priorities of the United States. First, the sanctions will reaffirm the U.S. government’s commitment to holding perpetrators of serious human rights abuses accountable. It will send a clear message to the Generican government that egregious human rights violations in the name of national security will not be tolerated by the United States. Second, it will pressure the Generican government to suspend a policy that is directly undermining U.S. counterterrorism efforts regionally. Debriefs of Generican fighters returning from the Middle East show that roughly 80% of radicalized militants elected to take up arms due to a sense of personal and communal grievance driven by the Generican government’s repressive policies. Sanctioning members of the GSS who are integral to its torture program would send a powerful signal that the U.S. government finds the Generican government’s actions not only illegal, but also strategically counterproductive.
* Be consistent in names of entities and roles and use formal names to the extent possible, including any and all known aliases.
* When available, pro bono counsel should run the perpetrators through World-Check or a similar screening database to obtain any additional identifying information that may be available.
* Where the submission alleges responsibility due to an individual’s status as a leader or official of an entity that perpetrated the alleged acts, the NGO should seek to include an organizational chart and as much other background information as is available to illustrate the manner in which officials within various entities or departments have authority over the ultimate perpetrators of the human rights abuses or corruption.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
Full Legal Name of Perpetrator: Colonel John Smith (a.k.a. Jonathan Smith, a.k.a. Johnny Smith)
Country: Generica
Title or Position: Director-General of Ministry of Security (since July 2016); former Director of the Directorate of Criminal Interrogation (2015)
Date of Birth: 12/14/1971
Other Known Personal Identifiers (place of birth, passport number, address, etc): located in Metropolis, Central Province; Passport 66666666; Generica identification number 3333333
Past Travel to the United States: Yes, frequent visits for tourism, including at least November 2016, August 2017, and January 2018
--
Full Legal Name of Perpetrator: Colonel John Smith (a.k.a. Jonathan Smith, a.k.a. Johnny Smith)
Country: Generica
Title or Position: Director-General of Ministry of Security (since July 2016); former Director of the Directorate of Criminal Interrogation (2015)
Date of Birth: 12/14/1971
Other Known Personal Identifiers (place of birth, passport number, address, etc): located in Metropolis, Central Province; Passport 66666666; Generica identification number 3333333
Past Travel to the United States: Yes, frequent visits for tourism, including at least November 2016, August 2017, and January 2018
* A significant consideration for the U.S. government in determining the value of an individual sanction action is understanding the extent of financial assets owned or controlled by the alleged perpetrator that can be frozen, blocked, or otherwise disrupted. Such assets can include (but are not limited to): bank accounts; real property; luxury goods (i.e. yachts, sports cars, watches, collector’s items, etc.); and ownership, stock shares, or other valuable interest in businesses.
* The U.S. Treasury Department prioritizes cases of “network sanctions,” or cases where they are able to tie together multiple perpetrators and facilitators in a criminal enterprise to target holistically. Everything NGOs can do to flesh out the U.S. government’s understanding of the players in a network, including creating network maps or other graphics where applicable, will significantly strengthen the case.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
List of Assets Associated with Colonel John Smith:
|
Description of Asset |
Nexus to Perpetrator |
Location of Asset |
Value of Asset |
|
Bank account at Generica National Bank (GNB) |
Owned by perpetrator |
GNB is incorporated in Central Province, Generica |
Unknown |
|
Residential property in Miami, Florida |
Property owner listed as wife of perpetrator |
1234 Miami Street Miami, FL 1234 |
Appraised in 2016 at $35 million USD |
|
Luxury yacht |
Reportedly owned by perpetrator[1] |
Unknown, previously docked in Barcelona |
Reportedly purchased for $60 million USD |
List of Facilitators Associated with Colonel John Smith:
|
Name of Facilitator |
Bio identifiers |
Relationship to Perpetrator |
|
Jane Smith |
Nationality: Generica DOB: 1/2/1980 |
Wife of perpetrator, holds property on behalf of perpetrator in her name |
|
Juan Doe
|
Nationality: Spain DOB: 2/1/1970 |
Agent for perpetrator; buys properties and procures contracts on perpetrator’s behalf.[2] |
List of Assets Associated with Colonel Edward Doe:
Edward Doe has no known assets.
List of Facilitators Associated with Colonel Edward Doe:
Edward Doe has no known facilitators.
* A brief description that provides necessary contextual information to understand the nature of the crimes and the individual perpetrators’ involvement in committing them. Often this will include a brief history of the current political regime and general background information on a long-standing pattern of abuses.
* This section should NOT go into deep detail regarding the crimes themselves, as this will be explained later in the document. Instead, use this section to set the table upon which the case will be further elaborated in the following sections.
* When ending this section, consider including a brief conclusion that summarizes the culpability of the listed perpetrators.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
The Generic Security Service (GSS) is organized under the Ministry of Security (MoS) of the People’s Republic of Generica, as reflected in the attached MoS Organizational Chart. Human Rights for Generica (HRG) has compiled the details of individual cases of torture by the GSS, which are attached as Annex A.
As demonstrated through these individual cases, the GSS has engaged in a pattern and regular practice of human rights abuses in Generica over an extended period of time, including routinely throughout the past five years.[3] The pattern shows that individuals are arrested and brought to the GSS, where they are tortured for a number of hours or days, exceeding multiple months in some cases. The torture inflicted by the GSS has regularly included severe beatings, sleep deprivation, threats to family members, withholding food and water, forced standing and other stress positions, exposure to dangerously cold temperatures, sexual abuse and electric shock.[4] HRG has confirmed that at least one of the tortured individuals died in GSS custody. Detainees are most often tortured for the purpose of coercing a confession (which most claim was false and only given to end the torture), which is used in the subsequent trial against them and results in their conviction. Charges generally relate to domestic offenses, including “participating in protests” and “illegal assembly,” as well as charges of “terrorist activity,” the validity of which has been called into question by credible UN experts and human rights organizations.[5] Some of the detainees subjected to these abuses have been as young as 15. Life imprisonment and death sentences are often imposed as a result of these confessions coerced through torture.[6]
The individuals recommended for sanction in this submission are both current and former high-ranking officers within the MoS or GSS. As required for designation under Executive Order 13818, each of the individual perpetrators named in this submission is or has been a leader or official of a governmental entity that has engaged in, and whose members have engaged in, serious human rights abuses. Moreover, the evidence discussed in this submission confirms that there is a pattern and practice of human rights abuse by the GSS that could exist only if condoned by officials at all levels of authority. Due to the widespread and regular nature of these abuses, and the fact that these incidents of torture have been well known, well documented and have occurred repeatedly for a period of many years, HRG submits that each of the individuals recommended for sanction were knowingly complicit in serious human rights abuses and knew, or should have known, that the government entities that they led were consistently engaged in the commission of serious violations of human rights. The listed perpetrators also failed to take steps to halt the abuses or to investigate them in a genuine effort to impose punishment on their subordinates who engaged in serious human rights abuses. As such, HRG recommends these individuals for inclusion on the Global Magnitsky/EO 13818 sanctions list.
* Given that use of the Global Magnitsky Act sanctions authority is elective, the U.S. government must be convinced that it is in the U.S. national interest to sanction a particular individual or entity. Note that unlike Global Magnitsky, 7031(c) sanctions are mandatory if requisite criminal and evidentiary thresholds are reached, so language in this section focuses specifically on Global Magnitsky and EO 13818. That being said, even in 7031(c) only cases, it is good practice to articulate to the U.S. government the benefits to be derived from sanctioning illicit actors and suggesting ways in which the sanctions could create useful leverage.
* Use this section to assess and describe the impact of a sanctions designation. Generally, attempt to put yourself in the shoes of a U.S. government official and assess how U.S. sanctions against the targeted perpetrator would advance a comprehensive U.S. strategy affecting the U.S. bilateral relationship with the country, the U.S. strategic position in the region, and the international perception of the U.S. more broadly.
* While the rationale for a particular designation should include that the U.S. government should uphold its stated commitment to promoting human rights and fighting corruption (as noted in the preface to EO 13818), the most compelling arguments will also include why a particular designation will work to advance U.S. interests and international peace and security more broadly. Such arguments could include: the ways in which sanctioning a particular individual or entity could send a targeted message to a government, government faction or military unit, isolate an individual spoiler, curb illicit finance, limit future human rights abuses within a particular unit, improve a security situation, and/or provide leverage in a diplomatic discussion. Any assets and/or facilitators listed in Section 2 that could be affected by placing the perpetrator on OFAC’s "Specially Designated Nationals"(SDN) list should also be addressed. As applicable, the summary of impact should also seek to explain how sanctioning the perpetrator(s) in question could deter similarly situated actors from engaging in human rights abuses and/or corruption.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
It is in the U.S. government’s interest to ensure that torture and other prohibited forms of ill treatment will not go unnoticed or unpunished. The GSS’s abuses are well known and well documented. The designation of one or more high ranking individuals within the GSS would demonstrate the commitment and leadership of the United States to holding human rights violators accountable and ensuring that criminal convictions against individuals are aligned with international standards of fair trial rights.
These designations are aligned with the aims set out in Executive Order 13818, in which the President articulated a finding that human rights abuses outside the United States “undermine the values that form an essential foundation of stable, secure, and functioning societies” and “degrade the rule of law.” While torture for any purpose is a threat to “international political and economic systems,” torture for the purpose of coercing confessions is an even greater danger as it degrades confidence in the rule of law. Discarding the rule of law is a threat to global peace and security when practiced by our enemies but an even greater threat when openly tolerated by our allies. Notwithstanding Generica’s cooperation with the United States on regional security initiatives, the GSS is clearly engaged in systematic and widespread human rights abuses, which are undoubtedly the type of activity the President intended to target in issuing Executive Order 13818. GSS designations would send a bold message that the United States does not employ the Magnitsky Act as a method of impugning our adversaries but will hold even our closest allies to account when it comes to serious human rights abuses.
Furthermore, as described in multiple analyses conducted by credible analysts, Generica’s domestic counterterrorism policies, including instances of torture perpetrated by members of the GSS, are having the effect of alienating, and in some cases radicalizing, members of Generica’s minority population.[7] Debriefs of Generica fighters returning from the Middle East have shown that roughly 80% of radicalized militants elected to take up arms due to a sense of personal and communal grievance driven by the Government of Generica’s repressive policies.[8] Sanctioning members of the GSS shown to have engaged in or directed torture would send a powerful signal that the U.S. government finds the Government of Generica’s actions not only illegal, but also strategically counterproductive. Given Generica’s key role in the fight against regional violent extremism and security partnership with the United States, the U.S. government could consider combining sanctions designations with diplomatic outreach and security sector assistance aimed at strengthening elements of Generica’s security services known not to have engaged in torture.
* Specify the type of case you are documenting. There are three options available: a Global Magnitsky/EO 13818 case only, a 7031(c) case only, or both. The default should be to submit your recommendation under both sanctions authorities, as their legal frameworks are largely overlapping, and most cases will qualify for review under both laws. However, cases meeting certain specific criteria will only be eligible for sanctioning under one program or the other. The three meaningful differences are:
So, to know whether to request sanctions under Global Magnitsky/EO 13818, 7031(c), or both, answer these three questions:
If you answer, “Yes” to all three questions, then you should submit your recommendation under both sanctions programs. If you answer, “Yes” to Question 1 but “No” to either Question 2 or 3, then only submit under Global Magnitsky. If you answer, “No” to Question 1 but “Yes” to Questions 2 and 3, then only submit under 7031(c). If you answer, “No” to Question 1 and Question 2 and/or 3, then you do not currently have a case appropriate for submission under either program.
* Beyond identifying which sanctions authorities you are invoking for your recommendations, it is important to articulate the specific basis for the recommendation within each law. The Global Magnitsky program allows the U.S. government to sanction any foreign person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Attorney General:
Section 7031(c) requires the U.S. government to sanction officials of foreign governments and their immediate family members about whom the Secretary of State has credible information have been:
***SAMPLE TEXT***
HRG submits that these perpetrators are subject to Global Magnitsky sanctions under Executive Order 13818, Section 1(a)(ii)(C)(1) as current or former “leaders or officials” of “an entity…that has engaged in, or whose members have engaged in” serious human rights abuses.
HRG also submits that these perpetrators are subject to 7031(c) sanctions under Section 7031(c) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2020 (Div. G, P.L. 117-94) for being directly or indirectly involved in multiple gross violations of human rights.
* Provide a narrative of the facts surrounding the case you are recommending to the U.S. government, supplemented by footnoted links to supporting documents and/or annexes for documents not in the public domain.
* Include a summary description of the NGO’s sources and methods of obtaining the factual information included in the submission (e.g., first-hand victim accounts, interviews with family members, documents reviewed, etc.).
* Strong cases will include as many unique sources of credible, verifiable information corroborating your claim as possible. The U.S. government prefers when evidence can be obtained and corroborated from multiple sources (in other words, a single NGO’s internal information concerning a human rights violation, combined with that NGO’s formal, publicly available report on the same incident(s), is likely to be viewed as a single source, and thus represent a weaker case than if the NGO’s reporting can be combined with, e.g., that of a UN investigative committee).
* Where multiple perpetrators are submitted, it is helpful to detail the role(s) of each alleged perpetrator with some specificity. If the submission relies on the perpetrator’s role as an official of an entity which engaged in, or whose members engaged in, human rights abuses or corruption, if possible, include the perpetrator’s job description and an organizational chart in order to establish the line of authority.
* For human rights abuse cases, or cases in which you are recommending that a leader or official in a particular unit be designated on account of that unit’s involvement in human rights abuses, your documentation should include:
As currently articulated, the “serious human rights abuse” standard is applied to the same crimes that define gross violations, the distinction being that the “serious human rights abuse” standard applies to non-state actors and to extraterritorial crimes. In other words, “serious human rights abuses” are the same crimes as “gross violations of human rights,” but they can occur anywhere in the world and can be committed by either state actors or non-state actors.
* For corruption cases, or cases in which you are recommending that a leader or official in a particular entity be designated on account of that entity’s involvement in corruption, your documentation should include:
***SAMPLE TEXT***
The GSS has previously been identified by civil society groups as responsible for frequent instances of torture and ill treatment in Generica.[10] HRG has documented individual cases in Annex A, with the most recent reported instance of torture taking place earlier this year. Many of the individuals were arrested without a warrant, with multiple individuals reporting that the arresting forces wore civilian clothing or were otherwise unidentifiable. These officers would then transport the individuals to the custody of the GSS for interrogations, during which they would subject the individuals to torture. The methods of torture most frequently employed are beatings, electric shock, sexual assault or threats of rape, forced standing, stress positions, forced nudity, and sleep deprivation.
In addition to HRG’s documentation of individual cases, several other leading human rights organizations have identified the GSS as part of a pattern of human rights abuses. Human Rights International published a report in July 2016, detailing a number of human rights abuses in Generica, including torture by the GSS.[11] HR International noted that “[m]any detainees and former detainees allege they were tortured while under interrogation by the GSS at their facility in Metropolis.”[12] HR International’s report specifically corroborates some of HRG’s individual cases, including those of Jane Doe (¶2 in Annex A)[13] and John Doe (¶3 in Annex A).[14] Additionally, Human Rights Today published a report in 2018 which documented several cases of torture by the GSS in 2016 and 2017.[15] Both the Human Rights International and Human Rights Today reports detail similar instances of torture, including beatings, electric shock, sexual assault, and threats of rape, accompanied by demands from the interrogators to confess to criminal acts. Other instances of individual acts of torture have been reported by the Center for Human Rights,[16] among others.
The United Nations has also addressed cases of torture by the GSS, through various communications from the Human Rights Council Special Procedures Offices on individual complaints submitted to the Special Procedures Offices (“SPOs”). As early as 2012, the SPOs were sending communications to Generica concerning reports of torture by the GSS – that year, two Special Procedures mandate holders sent an Urgent Appeal concerning the torture of John Doe by the GSS.[17] Following his torture, Mr. Doe was charged with “unlawful assembly,”[18] a blatant violation of the right of freedom of expression. In a communication to the Generica government earlier this year, the Special Procedures office noted reports of the torture and ill treatment of Jane Doe (¶2 in Annex A).[19] In another communication in 2017, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment detailed reports of abuse and torture committed by GSS officers in the case of James Smith (¶5in Annex A).[20]
Finally, investigative reporting undertaken by credible press outlets, including the New York World and German news weekly Heute Zeitung has independently corroborated instances of torture by the GSS, including in facilities known to have held Jane Doe and John Doe.[21]
* The application of relevant legal standards to the particular facts included in the submission may be left to pro bono counsel to complete.
* Be sure to include discussion of any references to external definitions or sources that may be used to interpret the terms in EO 13818 and 7031(c), and application to any particular case.
* If there have been prior similar designations under either sanctions program, those should be discussed here as well.
* The roles of the individual perpetrators recommended for designation should be discussed in as much detail as possible, along with specific references to their wrongdoing where available. If they are being recommended based on command responsibility, take care to describe with as much specificity as possible their role and the extent to which they have (or had) control over and/or involvement in the activities of those who directly participated in abuses.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
Section 7031(c) utilizes the “gross violations of internationally recognized human rights” standard defined in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to include “torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, prolonged detention without charges and trial, causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction and clandestine detention of those persons, and other flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, or the security of person.”[22] It is clear that the continuous and systematic abuses perpetrated by the GSS meet this standard.
The actions taken by individuals within the GSS (including those individuals listed as perpetrators) have shown a pattern of abuse, torture, and ill treatment that has continued from at least 2010 until the present. These actions constitute torture under the U.S. definition, as they were carried out by government officials acting under the color of law, and they were intentionally inflicted to cause severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon the individuals in their custody.[23] However, the U.S. statutory definition applies only to perpetrators and acts under the territorial or personal jurisdiction of the United States. As such, the international definition must also be considered, notably that found in the Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). These actions also meet the definition of torture under CAT, as they were intentionally inflicted by public officials for the purpose of obtaining confessions, intimidation, or punishment.[24]
Furthermore, the perpetrators of these crimes, as identified in this submission, are government officials engaging in activities within the sovereign territory of Generica. As such, the perpetrators of these crimes and their immediate family members qualify for sanctioning under 7031(c).
Executive Order 13818 subjects current or former “leaders or officials” of foreign governmental entities to sanction where the entity at issue, or its members, have engaged in “serious human rights abuses.” While the EO does not define this term, it clearly contemplates “gross violations of human rights” by government officials. As described above, the current case clearly meets this threshold.
Furthermore, with crimes in this case beginning in at least 2010 and extending into the present, including credible evidence dating from this year, the case meets Global Magnitsky’s recency requirement. As such, these cases meet the threshold of a “serious human rights abuse” and HRG hereby submits these individuals to be considered for sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act for their membership in a government entity that has perpetrated these abuses.
Executive Order 13818 provides for the sanction of individuals who are “leaders or officials” of governmental entities engaged in serious human rights abuses “relating to the leader’s or official’s tenure.” Section 7031(c) provides for the sanction of individuals who are involved in gross violations of human rights both “directly and indirectly”. As explained previously, the GSS is organized under the Ministry of Security of Generica, as reflected in the attached Ministry of Security Organizational Chart. Each of the perpetrators named in this submission held an officer level or otherwise leadership position within the Ministry of Security or the GSS specifically during the period in which the severe human rights abuses detailed above and in the accompanying evidence were perpetrated. Moreover, the evidence discussed in this submission confirms that there is a pattern and practice of human rights abuse by the GSS that could exist only if condoned by officials at all levels of authority. Due to the widespread and regular nature of these abuses, and the fact that these incidents of torture have been well known and documented and have occurred repeatedly for a period of more than several years, HRG submits that each of the individuals recommended for sanction were knowingly complicit in, and knows or should know that the government entities they have led, or their subordinates within those entities, have been engaged in ongoing human rights abuses. Furthermore, the named individuals failed to take necessary measures to halt the abuses or to investigate them in a genuine effort to impose punishment on the perpetrators.
* Do not omit any known contradictory, countervailing, or exculpatory evidence. Please note any such evidence and reasons why your case still meets the law’s “reason to believe based on credible information” standard.
* Assume that any arguments and/or evidence that is public or available to the government of the designees’ country will be shared with the U.S. agencies charged with reviewing these designations. As such, it is advantageous to address such arguments directly in these submissions as it is unlikely that we will receive another opportunity for rebuttal.
* In particular, discuss why any contrary statements by the Government regarding their human rights record or efforts to address human rights complaints domestically should not be credited and provide citations to evidence, where available.
***SAMPLE TEXT***
HRG is not aware of any contradictory, countervailing, or exculpatory evidence concerning the alleged responsibility of Col John Smith and Col Edward Doe for acts of torture committed by GSS members under their command. While the Government of Generica has routinely denied that members of the GSS commit torture, HRG finds these claims lack credibility given the extensive documentation of such acts by credible bodies, as referenced throughout this submission.
[1] See News Report A
[2] See Spanish Investigation Report B
[3] Citation with link to online availability, if possible. Sample text: For a general overview of the GSS’s pattern of torture and other forms of human rights abuses, see NGO Report A, NGO Report B, UN Report C, and UN Report D.
[4] For details, see NGO Report B, p. 4.
[5] UN and NGO reporting here.
[6] See NGO Report D, pp. 15-16.
[7] See, for example, Think Tank Report A.
[8] See Think Tank Report B, pp 6-7.
[9] This standard is based primarily on the “Command Responsibility” standard of International Humanitarian Law. See International Committee of the Red Cross, “Rule 153. Command Responsibility for Failure to Prevent, Repress or Report War Crimes,” Customary International Humanitarian Law, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.
[10] See NGO Reports A, B, C, and D.
[11] Citation with link to online availability, if possible.
[12] Cite
[13] Cite
[14] Cite
[15] Cite
[16] Cite
[17] Cite
[18] Cite
[19] Cite
[20] Cite
[21] Cite
[22] 22 U.S.C. § 2340(d)(1).
[23] 18 USC § 2430 (1) (2004), (““torture” means an act committed by a person acting under the color of law specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control”).
[24] Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, G.A. Res. 39/46, U.N. Doc. 39/46 (10 Dec. 1984), Art. 1 (“the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.”).
