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The People’s Republic of China recently launched its Sky Net 2022 campaign, marking the continuation of the CCP’s increasing overseas policing operations. In February of this year, Chinese state media reported on the 2021 campaign results: notwithstanding heavy global COVID restrictions, 1,273 fugitives were sent back to China from abroad under Sky Net operations, of which 22 were captured through INTERPOL Red Notices and 318 were suspects under current investigation. These numbers represent but the few ‘successful cases’ of returned “fugitives” through legal means, including extraditions. The actual numbers of targets forcefully returned to China may far exceed the official numbers.
Since Xi Jinping took office in 2012, his signature ‘anti-corruption’ campaign has been used to consolidate his leadership and silence critics. On July 22nd, 2014, the Chinese Ministry of Public Security (MPS) launched Operation Fox Hunt (猎狐) with the purported aim of arresting officials who escaped abroad by means of bilateral extradition treaties and judicial cooperation agreements or through unofficial and often illicit operations conducted on foreign soil.
Following its initial success, the larger international “anti-corruption” campaign Sky Net (天网) was established in late March 2015. It began its operations in April 2015 under the leadership of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), in cooperation with the Supreme Court, Supreme Prosecutor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, People's Bank of China, and the Ministry of Public Security in charge of Fox Hunt operations.
Following the inauguration of the National Supervisory Commission (NSC), for all intents and purposes a State front for the Party body CCDI - established by the 13th People’s Congress in 2018 to be the highest anti-corruption and supervisory organ independent of the State Council, Supreme Court, and Supreme Prosecutor -, Sky Net came under the NSC’s direct command and has since overseen operations to capture anyone considered a “fugitive” by the CCP.
The National Supervision Law (NSL) that set up the NSC defines ‘anti-corruption international fugitive repatriation’ as an international operation leading to the arrest of ‘suspects’ who have fled China. According to an official legal interpretation of that law by the CCDI, while extradition is the formal and ideal channel to bring targets back to China, officials can also consider using repatriation, persuasion, remote prosecution, and ‘irregular methods’, such as kidnapping and entrapment, ‘where the suspect is lured to the territory of the entrapping country, international high seas, international airspace or a third country with an extradition treaty, and then arrested or extradited’.
Between 2014 and February 2022, official CCDI data inform that 10,105 people - including foreign citizens - have been forcefully returned to China from over 120 countries, mostly via ‘irregular methods’. While formal extradition cases only account for 1% among the returnees, around 250 individuals have been sent to China through formal extradition procedures in EU member states.
In Cyprus, a Falun Gong practitioner who left China was targeted by the Chinese authorities for extradition in 2020. While appealing the extradition request, his spouse was directly threatened by Chinese police and embassy personnel in front of the local Cypriot courthouse. The imparted message was clear: each testimony that might damages the image of ‘the Party’ would lead to the arrest of one of their family members in China. As her husband refused to give in to such threats and continues fighting his extradition, they followed up on their promise by detaining three family members since this January, including his father. A separate story on this case is soon to be released.
In Poland, Yu Hao, a Chinese man who took his own life in 2020 after spending some two years waiting for his extradition hearing in Warsaw’s detention centre, was yet another victim of Chinese police operations abroad. China managed to entrap him in Poland through an INTERPOL Red Notice. His spouse, after being subjected to similar methods of intimidation and threats by Chinese police, chose to return to China ‘voluntarily’.
In France, Grace Meng, wife of former INTERPOL chairman Meng Hongwei, is currently living under police protection following two attempted kidnappings by Chinese agents. She received asylum in 2019 after her husband was disappeared in 2018 and later imprisoned in China. An anonymous journalist alerted that French security services has identified two similar cases, one of them from Hong Kong.
In Canada, Zhang Yan was warned by Chinese police to return as they had his father under arrest. Chen Yuzhen, now in the U.S., was reached by Chinese authorities in South Korea in 2021 after escaping from China and pressured to return… ‘or else’.
These are but a few of continuous ongoing examples around the world. Scare tactics are an integral part of a broad strategy to silence dissent and stifle an individual’s defence from extradition or deportation. The Chinese Communist Party will stop at nothing to obtain the return of those it seeks. As Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijan put it in response to our report Involuntary Returns on January 19, 2022: “The Chinese government will continue to combat corruption with zero tolerance, hold every corrupt fugitive accountable with firm resolve, and bring them to justice even if they have fled to the ends of the earth.”
Earlier in January, Safeguard Defenders published its investigative report Involuntary Returns on operations Sky Net and Fox Hunt. Examinations of cases showed not only that a large number of individuals are targeted for their political activism or their belonging to a religious or ethnic minority, but also that the vast majority of returns are obtained through extra-judicial means.
Following publication, Royal Canadian Mountain Police Commissioner Brenda Lucki confirmed to The Globe and Mail that “It is a growing problem, obviously, and something we want to work together with our international and domestic partners on. A lot of it is about awareness and education, because things happen and we want to make sure people who are affected by this feel safe – that they can report this without fear of reprisal.”
On January 31, 2022, FBI Director Christopher Wray substantively acknowledged that
“the Chinese government is increasingly targeting people inside the U.S. for personal and political retribution—undercutting the freedoms that our Constitution and laws promise. The kinds of people the Chinese Communist Party tends to go after are not those that a responsible government would make their enemies—refugees, dissidents, and Uyghurs—people with their own ideas, who speak or worship as their conscience dictates.”
The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and state media Global Times were quick to deny using the operations to hunt political dissidents by disguising them as ‘corrupt officials’.
“The accusation by "Safeguard Defenders" is an old-fashioned way of demonizing China by calling criminals fleeing overseas political dissidents.” - Hu Xijin (胡锡进), former Editor-in-Chief and Party Secretary at Global Times (20 January 2022)
“[The report] glorifies the fugitives suspected of corruption as “victims” in the name of human rights … “ - Zhao Lijian (赵立坚), Spokesperson of MOFA (19 January 2022)
This obviously does not come as a surprise: as the operations are supervised by a political organ, “corrupt individuals” can simply be anyone the Government or Party wishes to bring back to China. More interestingly, their statements did not explain nor deny their use of ‘irregular methods’, such as the kidnapping and entrapment of targeted individuals.
During the People’s Congress, Zhao Leji (赵乐际), Head of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) recognised the results achieved in 2021 and stated that the leverage created through the Belt and Road Initiative has enabled the PRC to build an integral mechanism for tracking fugitives. Therefore, he added, in 2022 the CCDI will continue and expand Sky Net operations and “build a clean Belt and Road”, as well as strengthen the construction of laws governing foreigners in countering corruption. The PRC will also seize the opportunity created by its chairmanship of the BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group.
Yang Xiaodu (杨晓渡), Head of the National Supervision Commission (NSC), later endorsed Zhao’s statement, while in March the NSC’s Office of International Fugitive Recovery and Cross-border Corruption Control officially announced the continuation of Sky Net operations. The NSC will continue to lead special operations for the international pursuit of fugitives, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) will direct Fox Hunt operations, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Procuratorate will launch a special operation to chase criminal suspects and defendants who have fled or died, and the Central Organization Department will launch a special campaign to combat irregularities in the handling and possession of documents with the MPS and other agencies.
Considering the exponentially deteriorating situation for the rule of law and minimal judicial safeguards in China, as well as the intensifying crackdowns in Hong Kong, the Uyghur and Tibetan regions, court rulings around the world have expressed concerns over extradition to China, including in Sweden (2019), France (2019), the Czech Republic (2020), Poland (2021) and Turkey (ongoing). In Morocco, the Court’s approval to extradite Uyghur activist Idris Hasan to China, has received strong and repeated condemnation from UN human rights mechanisms. While he remains in custody, his case is currently pending before the UN Committee Against Torture, which issued interim measures on his behalf.
This month, the U.S. Justice Department (DOJ) charged five men with acting as illegal agents to spy and intimidate citizens on its soil, after issuing similar charges against nine individuals last year for Sky Net operations aimed at forcing individuals to return to China through threats, surveillance and the arrests of relatives in China.
On March 21, 2022, the U.S. State Department announced visa restrictions on PRC officials for their involvement in repressive acts against members of ethnic and religious minority groups and religious and spiritual practitioners inside and outside of China’s borders, including within the United States.
Other Governments have yet to follow suit.
While there are legitimate reasons for Governments around the world to engage in international judicial cooperation with Beijing to counter cross-borders crimes, the PRC’s repeated and brazen violations of human rights, judicial and territorial sovereignty, international treaties and diplomatic assurances undermine the trust required for entering into or continuing such cooperation.
If Governments do not stay vigilant and take immediate actions to tackle this, the official launch of the 2022 Sky Net campaign and the reopening of borders around the world may well mark a new and increasingly frightening beginning for China’s global hunt of fugitives.
Together with other dedicated civil society organizations, we will therefore continue our efforts to ensure adequate actions are undertaken around the world to impose sanctions on PRC officials who are believed to be responsible for - or complicit in - these practices, as well as to increase protection to vulnerable communities and activists targeted by this indiscriminate political terror, starting from the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties which pose a direct threat to the freedom of expression and movement of those most at risk.
Safeguard Defenders has documented activities of China’s international long-arm policing under the Sky Net campaigns in our recent reports Hide and Seek: China’s Extradition Problem and Involuntary Returns. Pursued For Life takes a look at Hong Kong's hunt for fugitives using the National Security Law and threatening abusive use of Interpol Red Notices, while “No Room To Run” exposes China’s changing use of INTERPOL since Xi Jinping came over, and how it relates to Sky Net.
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