Ownership and control of Chinese media

This investigation was carried out in 2020, for the purpose of producing a brief report showing TV-regulators that China Global Television Network (CGTN), CCTV-4, the international Chinese language broadcaster, and CCTV, the parent company of both, are in fact, since 2018, now directly controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and not the Chinese State. Prior to this, Party-control was more indirect (yet still strong) but with recent changes, CGTN and CCTV are by definition Party-media, not State-media, despite the latter term most often being used. The data from that investigation and brief report is now being made available here.

All information herein presented is drawn from official documentation from either the TV broadcasters themselves (CGTN, for example, publicly states on its website, repeatedly, that it is controlled by a political body), regulations and announcements from the Chinese State, and official documentation from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Anything in italics are direct quotes or translations of direct quotes.

“The leadership of the Chinese Communist Party is the basic nature and character of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Party, government, army, society and education — east and west, south and north, the Party leads all.”

- From the official 2018 media reorganization program

 

CCTV before and after the 2018 reorganization[1]

Before the major reorganization of 2018, control over CCTV was primarily the responsibility of the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT). SAPPRFT was a ministry-level agency under the State Council (the cabinet of ministers of the Chinese government). Its main task was the administration and supervision of state-owned enterprises engaged in the television and radio industries, such as CCTV (national and international broadcasts). This body led the media but also oversaw its coordination, inspection, organization and management, thus it was in direct control. Despite clear and acknowledged interference from the CCP, it was argued that CCTV and CGTN were “State-media”.

Following the announcement of the reorganization, the program for that reorganization, developed and released by the CCP, called “Program for the Deepening Reform of Party and Government Organs” [2] was released. This document, in clear and direct language, specifies the purpose of the reorganization, and what is now its current operation.

"returning [CCTV] to the leadership of the Central Propaganda Department [of the CCP]"

Above all, it places news and culture work under “unified leadership of the Party”, not the State: “The Central Propaganda Department[3] [an organ of the CCP] has unified supervision over news and publishing work.”

The creation of the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) – which replaced SAPPRFT in 2018 - seeks to “centralize and unify CCP leadership of news and public opinion work” and to “develop the role of radio and television into the mouthpiece of the party”.

It states that the chief responsibility of this new organ is to “implement the Party’s propaganda guidelines and policies”, “to supervise, manage and censor the content and quality of radio, television and online audiovisual programming” and, importantly for its international expansion, “to coordinate the promotion of the going out [overseas broadcast] of the radio and television section.”[4]

It furthermore states what tasks the reorganized CCTV shall undertake:

“Its principal responsibilities will be to propagate the theories, political line and policies of the Party; to plan and manage major propaganda reports; to organize the production of radio and television; to produce and broadcast premium radio and television products; to channel hot social topics; to strengthen and improve supervision by public opinion, to promote the integrated development of multimedia; to strengthen the building of international broadcasting capacity; to tell China’s story well.”[5]

The reorganization program also goes into more detail, stating under a section headlined “The creation of the National Radio and Television Administration”:

“In order to strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership of news and public opinion work, and strengthen the management of important propaganda, firmly grasping the right of leadership over ideological work, adequately develop the role of radio and television as the mouthpiece of the Party, the National Radio and Television Administration, a department directly under the State Council, will be built…” (- section 35 of the program)

It outlines the main tasks of CCTV:

“Adherence to correct guidance of public opinion, placing a high priority on the building and innovation of dissemination methods, raising the dissemination force, guiding force, influence and credibility of news and public opinion.” (- section 36 of the program).

It also states, outright, that the institution (CCTV) will be led by the Central Propaganda Department:

“ [it] will serve as an institution directly under the State Council, returning [CCTV] to the leadership of the Central Propaganda Department [of the CCP].”

This reorganization received less coverage internationally than in China, but was covered by the New York Times[6], which summarized how news organizations are being moved from State to Party control.

Ownership of CCTV, as well as two other media companies, was transferred to the China Media Group (CMG), a holding company created on April 19, 2018[7] and founded for this purpose, and whose dual parents/owners are the Central Propaganda Department of the CCP and the State Council. China Global Television Network (CGTN), the international arm of CCTV, on its own website, makes clear, through two instances, that its ownership and control lie in the Propaganda (aka Publicity) Department:

 

On ownership

“China on Thursday held an inauguration ceremony for the China Media Group, a new broadcasting platform made up of China Central Television (CCTV), China Radio International (CRI) and China National Radio (CNR).

Huang Kunming, member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and head of the Publicity Department of the CPC Central Committee, and President of the China Media Group Shen Haixiong attended the event.

The China Media Group now comes under the Publicity Department and is tasked with the enhancement of China's international broadcasting capacities and promoting the convergence of the three platforms.” [1]

 

On control

“A state radio and television administration will be established by unifying the three broadcasters, according to a plan by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) unveiled on Wednesday, one day after the first session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC) concluded.

China Global Television Network (CGTN), the group of six international language channels launched by CCTV on December 31, 2016, is also included in the merger.

The new platform will come under the Publicity Department, and is tasked with the enhancement of China's international broadcasting capacities and promoting the convergence of the three platforms.

"The setup will also spread the Party's guiding principles and policies.” [2]

The People’s Daily, the official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, celebrated the reorganization by publishing a graphic showing the control and leadership of the media by the Propaganda Department[3]. Shortly thereafter CCTV itself, in broadcasts and on its website, announced that according to the government’s official institutional reform plan “the main responsibility of CCTV is to publicize the Party's theory and policies, coordinate and organize major publicity reports, organize radio and television production, produce and broadcast premium radio and television, and guide society”. Key issues, it further said, were to “…strengthen and improve supervision of public opinion.”

The same information was also released on the public website[4] of the CCP’s Central Propaganda Department, the department of the CCP that now controls all key Chinese media. It was also echoed[5] in news releases by the official Xinhua news agency.

In addition, all journalists working for CCTV are bound by the Code of ethics in journalism, which was revised and published on 15 December 2019[6], and states, amongst many other things, that journalists and media shall:

• Persist in arming the mind with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly study, publicize, and implement the Party's path and directives… (paragraph 1.1)
• With economic construction as the center, obey and serve the overall picture of the Party (paragraph 2.1)
• … obey the Party discipline on news work… (paragraph 6)
• Vividly elucidate the Chinese path, Chinese theory, Chinese system, and Chinese culture; emphasizing doing a good job of telling China's story, the CCP's story, the story of socialism with Chinese characteristics…  (paragraph 7.2)

Shortly before the new code was announced, UK media reported[7] on the greater stress for loyalty to the Chinese Communist Party, as opposed to the State, as Xi Jinping, the leader of the CCP, asked for “absolute loyalty”.

Photos: (left) Xi Jinping visiting the CCTV newsroom, and (right) a sign inside the newsroom of CCTV at their Beijing headquarters[8], reading “CCTV’s surname is “The Party”, [We are] absolutely loyal, ready for your inspection”.

Directorship: Shen Haixiong, CMG President and CCP Central Propaganda Department key Executive

China Media Group: The current president of this media corporation, which includes CGTN, is Shen Haixiong[9]. Shen is also deputy minister of the CCP’s Central Propaganda Department, Secretary of the Party Leadership Group and Director of China Central Radio and Television[10] and an alternate member of the Central Committee of the CCP. In a speech held at the CMG on July 2, 2018, Shen said:

[The CMG] “Must aim the political direction, adhere to the party's political leadership… fulfill the duties with the mission of important news platform of the party, strive to improve the communication capabilities, tell the Chinese story well, and reassure the party and satisfy the people.”[11]

 

Recent developments

In 2018, the U.S. State Department classified CGTN as a foreign agent, requiring it to file information to the U.S. government under its Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA). This was widely reported in both UK and international media, and their first filing was made in early 2019, to continue on an annual basis.

On February 18, 2020 the U.S. took further steps against CGTN, as well as Xinhua News Agency, China Radio International, the parent company of China Daily newspaper, and the parent company of The People’s Daily newspaper, as one State Department official described the five Chinese news organizations as “part and parcel of the P.R.C. propaganda apparatus”. All five meet the definitions of "foreign missions" under the Foreign Missions Act, according to the State Department. This new designation will force stricter reporting rules on CGTN in the U.S., as they are deemed not journalistic entities but operatives of a propaganda apparatus. This was widely covered in international media, including in the UK, with The New York Times[12] breaking the story.

Since then, via its TV regulator, the United Kingdom has also established, in its official announcement revoking its license to air, that CGTN is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, not the Chinese State.